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<title>Multiscale decision-making</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Multiscale decision-making</span></span>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Multiscale decision-making</b>, also referred to as <b>multiscale decision theory</b> (<b>MSDT</b>), is an approach in <a href="Operations_research" title="Operations research">operations research</a> that combines <a href="Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a>, <a href="Multi-agent_system" title="Multi-agent system">multi-agent</a> <a href="Influence_diagram" title="Influence diagram">influence diagrams</a>, in particular <a href="Dependency_graph" title="Dependency graph">dependency graphs</a>, and <a href="Markov_decision_process" title="Markov decision process">Markov decision processes</a> to solve multiscale challenges<sup id="cite_ref-DoE_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="Sociotechnical_system" title="Sociotechnical system">sociotechnical systems</a>. MSDT considers interdependencies within and between the following scales: system level, time and information.

</p><p>Multiscale decision theory builds upon <a href="Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">decision theory</a> and <a href="Multiscale_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiscale mathematics">multiscale mathematics</a>. Multiscale decision theory can model and analyze complex <a href="Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a> <a href="Network_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Network (mathematics)">networks</a> that exhibit multiscale phenomena. The theory's results can be used by <a href="Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">mechanism designers</a> and decision-makers in organizations and <a href="Complex_system" title="Complex system">complex systems</a> to improve system performance and decision quality.

</p><p>Multiscale decision theory has been applied to manufacturing enterprise enterprises,<sup id="cite_ref-JMS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EJOR_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJOR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Service_system" title="Service system">service systems</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ServiceScience_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ServiceScience-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Supply_chain_management" title="Supply chain management">supply chain management</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AnOR_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnOR-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EURO_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EURO-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">systems engineering</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NSF_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among others. In <a href="Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a>, for example, MSDT has been used to identify multi-level incentives that can improve <a href="Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a> value (quality of outcomes per dollar spent). The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msdm.ise.vt.edu/index.html">Multiscale Decision Making Laboratory</a> at <a href="Virginia_Tech" title="Virginia Tech">Virginia Tech</a> directed by Dr. Christian Wernz is working at the forefront of MSDT theory and applications.

</p><p>Multiscale decision theory is related to:

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<ul><li><a href="Multiscale_modeling" title="Multiscale modeling">Multiscale modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Decision_analysis" title="Decision analysis">Decision analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooperative_distributed_problem_solving" title="Cooperative distributed problem solving">Cooperative distributed problem solving</a></li>

<li><a href="Decentralized_decision_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized decision making">Decentralized decision making</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-DoE-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DoE_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.energy.gov/~/media/ascr/pdf/research/am/docs/Multiscale_math_workshop_3.pdf">Multiscale Mathematics Initiative: A Roadmap</a></span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFWernzDeshmukh2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wernz, C.; Deshmukh, A. (2007). "Decision Strategies and Design of Agent Interactions in Hierarchical Manufacturing Systems". <i>Journal of Manufacturing Systems</i>. <b>26</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">135–</span>143. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmsy.2007.10.003">10.1016/j.jmsy.2007.10.003</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-EJOR-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EJOR_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWernzDeshmukh2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wernz, C.; Deshmukh, A. (2010). "Multiscale Decision-Making: Bridging Organizational Scales in Systems with Distributed Decision Makers". <i>European Journal of Operational Research</i>. <b>202</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">828–</span>840. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejor.2009.06.022">10.1016/j.ejor.2009.06.022</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-ServiceScience-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ServiceScience_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWernzHenry2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wernz, C.; Henry, A. (2009). "Multi-Level Coordination and Decision-Making in Service Operations". <i>Service Science</i>. <b>1</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">270–</span>283. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1287%2Fserv.1.4.270">10.1287/serv.1.4.270</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-AnOR-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AnOR_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHenryWernz2015" class="citation journal cs1">Henry, A.; Wernz, C. (2015). "A Multiscale Decision Theory Analysis for Revenue Sharing in Three-Stage Supply Chains". <i>Annals of Operations Research</i>. <b>226</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">277–</span>300. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10479-014-1735-y">10.1007/s10479-014-1735-y</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-EURO-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EURO_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christian_Wernz/publication/280937533_Aligning_Incentives_in_Health_Care_A_Multiscale_Decision_Theory_Approach/links/55ccd7d208aebebb8f5779da.pdf?origin=publication_detail&ev=pub_int_prw_xdl&msrp=mc3WuAURvCsZdXwILOYGGiF1Cg-1Fb80eXnlcteV-2ul0v7VShlai5YI8W8dnDODQnrUq7OeCfGleFEp32LpBQ.o-xPiLgepmggWWsCzSEsKKetFLw-Wc96HP450Ci5bxHPdh2KVTwBbDbKtXtnUSuM9_4BlEamgcCI2H7VJ3zQLw.iFZPYLyBiQR8eEZQXtDTViLF4hFhgL_788UWEH40DNUkcI6CEJnOMc2eUtmaKOqBjBpPr45vgnmTAbdXrsEHIw">Zhang, H., Wernz, C., Slonim A.D. (2015) Aligning Incentives in Health Care: A Multiscale Decision Theory Approach. EURO Journal on Decision Processes (in press).</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-NSF-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NSF_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1549896&HistoricalAwards=false">NSF Award #1549896, EAGER: Advancing the Foundations of Systems Engineering through Multiscale Decision Theory</a></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li>Filar, J., Vrieze, K., <i>Competitive Markov Decision Processes</i>, Springer, 1996. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-387-94805-8</bdi></li>

<li>Mesarović, M. D., Macko, D. and Takahara, Y., <i>Theory of Hierarchical, Multilevel, Systems</i>, Mathematics in Science and Engineering, Volume 68, Academic Press, 1970. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-12-491550-7</bdi></li>

<li>Schneeweiss, C., <i>Distributed Decision Making</i>, Springer, 2003. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-540-40201-2</bdi></li>

<li>Wernz, C., <i>Multiscale Decision-Making: Bridging Temporal and Organizational Scales in Hierarchical Systems</i>, Dissertation, University of Massachusetts Amherst. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3336994/">http://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3336994/</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWernzDeshmukh2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wernz, C.; Deshmukh (2010). "Multiscale Decision-Making: Bridging Organizational Scales in Systems with Distributed Decision Makers". <i>European Journal of Operational Research</i>. <b>202</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">828–</span>840. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejor.2009.06.022">10.1016/j.ejor.2009.06.022</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.energy.gov/~/media/ascr/pdf/research/am/docs/Multiscale_math_workshop_3.pdf">Multiscale Mathematics Initiative: A Roadmap</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msdm.ise.vt.edu/index.html">Multiscale Decision Making Laboratory, Virginia Tech</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208160636/http://stinet.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA465613&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf">Multi-Scale Behavioral Modeling and Analysis Promoting a Fundamental Understanding of Agent-Based System Design and Operation</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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